Computer And It's Parts

1. What Is Computer?

An electronic data processing device, which requires input raw data for processing and generates the output in desired form. It stores the data in its memory which can be accessed any number of times for reference from its memory. It is made up of a lot of electronics, software and mechanical parts.  

2. Definition: 

“Computer is an electronic machine which is use solve over problems.”  

A computer is divided into three basic units namely: 

1. Input Unit 

2. Central Processing Unit 

3. Output Unit 

These units are defined as below: 

1) Input Unit:

As the name suggests, this unit contains devices with the help of which the data is entered into the computer. This unit is a basic requirement for computer system. The input devices are of many types such as keyboard, mouse, joy stick, microphone, camera etc. Input devices give different set of input values converted into a form understandable to the computer.

2) Central Processing Unit (CPU) :

Central Processing Unit (CPU) is known as the brain of the computer. It performs all types of data processing operations as required by a programmer. It stores all the data, intermediate results, and instructions as given by the programmer in the form of codes (program). Central Processing unit controls the operation of each part of the computer. 

It has following three components: 

a. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 

 b. Memory Unit 

 

c. Control Unit 

 3) Output Unit 

 

The devices with the help of which we get the information from the computer are known as the output devices. Output Unit is an interface between the computer and the user. Output devices notify the information displayed into a form which is understandable by the computer user. 

 4) Functions of a Computer: 

a. Data is entered into computer using Input Devices. 

b. Data or Instructions are stored in the computer in its memory and processed or uses them as and when required. 

c. Data is processed and converted into useful information. 

d. Output is generated as per format. 

e. Control Mechanism is established for controlling all the functions. 

We can divide computer in Hardware and Software: 

Hardware: 

Keyboard, mouse, joy stick, microphone, camera, printer, monitor, Hard disk, CD, DVD, CPU, motherboard, RAM etc are known as Hardware.  

Software: 

System Software & Application Software.  

5. Advantage of Computer:

A Computer has a very High Speed of processing i.e can perform large amount of data very quickly. Computers are very accurate. Computers are very fast devices. Once the correct input is given to the computers, the output is 100% accurate. It has a large memory capacity. It can store a large amount of information for a large time. It is a reliable device.  

6. Uses of Computer:

Nowadays it is used in every walk of life. It has an important role industrial automation. Computers are playing very important role in Medical science, Engineering, General Education, Government and Private organizations, Film and Entertainment. 

7. CPU Components:

A typical CPU has a number of components. The first is the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Second is the control unit (CU), which manages the various components of the computer. It reads and interprets instructions from memory and transforms them into a series of signals to activate other parts of the computer. The control unit calls upon the arithmetic logic unit to perform the necessary calculations.  

Third is the cache, which serves as high-speed memory where instructions can be copied to and retrieved. Early CPUs consisted of many separate components, but since the 1970s, they have been constructed as a single integrated unit called a microprocessor. As such, a CPU is a specific type of microprocessor. The individual components of a CPU have become so integrated that you can't even recognize them from the outside. This CPU is about two inches by two inches in size. 

CPUs are located on the motherboard. Motherboards have a socket for this, which is specific for a certain type of processor. A CPU gets very hot and therefore needs its own cooling system in the form of a heat sink and/or fan.  

The ALU is where the calculations occur, but how do these calculations actually get carried out? To a computer, the world consists of zeros and ones. Inside a processor, we can store zeros and ones using transistors. These are microscopic switches that control the flow of electricity depending on whether the switch is on or off. So the transistor contains binary information: a one if a current passes through and a zero if a current does not pass through. Transistors are located on a very thin slice of silicon. A single silicon chip can contain thousands of transistors. A single CPU contains a large number of chips. Combined, these only cover about a square inch or so. In a modern CPU, however, that square inch can hold several hundred million transistors - the very latest high-end CPUs have over one billion! Calculations are performed by signals turning on or off different combinations of transistors. And more transistors means more calculations. You may be interested to know that the material, silicon, used in chips is what gave the Silicon Valley region of California its name.  

8. Conclusion:

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